Cancer and Us - Cancer Support Group, Manchester

A	ABMT	Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant. Bone marrow transplants are similar to stem cell transplants. They are a way of giving very high dose chemotherapy, sometimes with radiotherapy, to try to cure some types of cancer. These days more people have stem cell transplants. But you might have a bone marrow transplant if collecting stem cells is difficult.
	ACE	Chemotherapy regimen adriamycin (doxorubicin), cyclophosphomide and etoposide.
	AC	Chemotherapy regimen adriamycin (doxorubicin), cyclophosphomide.
	AC-taxotere	Chemotherapy regimen adriamycin (doxorubicin), cyclophosphomide then taxotere.
	AC-taxol	Chemotherapy regimen adriamycin (doxorubicin), cyclophosphomide then taxol.
	Acute	Occurring suddenly, or sharply over a short period of time.
	Adenocarcinoma	Refers to a cancer that arises from cells of glandular (secretory) tissue.
	Adjuvant chemotherapy	This refers to any therapy used after primary treatment to reduce the risk of the cancer recurring.
	AFP	Alpha-fetoprotein: A protein that is sometimes present in the blood of patients that have testicular cancer.
	ALA	Abbreviation for aminoleulinic acid. This compound is converted into a fluorescent compound inside cells. Normal cells eliminate this compound, but renal cancer cells, glioblastoma and bladder cancer cells do not. This causes these cancer cells to fluoresce under a xenon light, making them easier to distinguish from normal cells, and therefore easier to remove surgically.
	ALND	Axillairy lymph node dissection: A surgical technique used to identify the presence of metastases (cancer) in lymph nodes of the armpit near a tumour.
	Alopecia	Loss of hair.
	Alternative therapies	These are therapies that are used instead of current medical therapies.
	AML	Acute myeloblastic leukaemia. A form of blood cancer (leukaemia) where immature myeloid blood cells grow excessively. It is more common in adults than in children. See section on leukaemia.
	Anaemia	Low red blood cell count or lack of red blood cells, resulting in weakness and lack of oxygen in the organs.
	Angiogenesis	The generation of blood vessels.
	Aredi	A medicine (Pamidronate) used to reduce the blood level of calcium, also known to inhibit the function of osteoclasts (cells responsible for the turnover of bone).
	Arimidex	A drug (anastrozole) used to treat breast cancer. It works by lowering the amount of oestrogen produced by the body. It does this by preventing the adrenal glands from producing oestrogen. Arimidex belongs to a class of drugs known as aromatase inhibitors .
	Aromasin	A drug (exemestane) used to treat breast cancer in post menopasual women. It works by lowering the amount of oestrogen produced by the body. It does this by preventing the adrenal glands from producing oestrogen. It belongs to a class of drugs known as aromatase inhibitors.
	Arthralgia	Pain in the joints from any cause.
	Asbestos	Asbestos is a naturally occurring silicate mineral that is mined for its heat resistant properties. Certain asbestos fibres are carcinogenic when inhaled, causing a cancer of the lining of the lung known as mesothelioma. Strict handling procedures are needed when dealing with asbestos to ensure that no dust containing free asbestos fibres is released. One of the most toxic varieties of asbestos is tremolite.
	Ascites	An abnormal build up of immunogolbulin (antibody) rich fluid in the abdomen.
	Ataxia	Clumsiness, dizziness, lack of co-ordination.
	Axillary	Meaning the armpit area.
	Arcoma	A form of cancer that arises in the supportive tissues such as bone, cartilage, fat or muscle.
	Avastin	Generic name for the monoclonal antibody - bevacizumab, an angiogenesis inhibitor.

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B	Barium enema	Barium sulfate is a substance that is opaque to X-rays and it may given as an enema to help visualise the bowel on X-ray films. A Barium enema is a method used to help diagnose bowel cancer.
	BCC	Basal cell carcinoma: Refers to cancer that arises from cells at the base of the skin.
	bd (or) bid	Medical notation for twice per day
	Bereavement	The term to describe the loss of a friend or relative
	Bence Jones Protein	A characteristic protein found in the urine of some patients with multiple myeloma. It can be used to help in diagnosis of the disease and to monitor the response to treatment.
	Benign	A noncancerous growth. A growth of cells that do not invade other tissues (metastasise) and may be removed by surgery.
	Benign tumour	A growth or tumour that does not spread and is not cancerous.
	Benzyopyrene	A highly carcinogenic compound found in tobacco smoke. Benzyopyrene levels may be measured in the urine of smokers.
	Betacarotene	Betacarotine is a naturally occurring antioxidant which is converted into vitamin A by the body. While its antioxidant properties are believed to reduce the risk of cancer, by neutralising free radicals, in smokers it is believed to increase the risk of lung cancer. Smokers should not take betacarotene supplements.
	Bilateral mastectomy	The removal of both breasts following cancer diagnosis and/or to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer (see also prophylactic mastectomy).
	Biopsy	A biopsy is a procedure that involves obtaining a tissue specimen for microscopic analysis to establish a precise diagnosis, it may be done using a needle or surgery.
	Blood test	Blood tests are very common and are usually done to look at how the organs in the body are working. Some tests are done immediately by your GP, but others may take longer to arrange as they’re more complex and require hospital visits. Results may take a little time to get as scans and test reports have to be checked and double checked by experts. An appointment is usually made once all your results are available. If you think you should be having a particular test, it's important to discuss your concerns with your doctor who will be able to tell you if the test is appropriate. Often when you see your doctor you may forget some of the things you want to ask, so it's often useful to write these things down before you go.
	Blood transfusion	The procees of receiving extra blood via a vein
	BNCT	BNCT or Boron Neutron Capture Therapy is an experimental type of radiotherapy under investigation in clinical trials (see Boron Neutron Capture Therapy below).
	Bone marrow	The soft, spongy tissue found in the centre of most large bones that produces white cells, red cells and platelets.
	Bone marrow transplant	See ABMT and PBSCT
	Bone density scan	A test to measure the density or calcium content of bones (osteopenia or osteoporosis)
	Bone scan	A test used to see if there are any areas of abnormality (usually cancer) within the bones of your body.
	BPH	Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A condition where the prostate gland grows abnormally large but is non cancerous.
	BRAC1	BRAC1 is a gene which, when damaged (mutated), places a woman at greater risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer, compared with women who do not have the mutation. In a woman with a BRCA1 mutation, the estimated lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is about 50% compared with about 12% in the general population. A woman who has this mutated gene has a 50% chance of passing on the gene to each of her children. A genetic test is available, but it is recommended only for women who are known to be at risk because several women in their family have had breast or ovarian cancer at an early age (before menopause).
	BRAC2	BRAC2 is a gene which, when damaged or mutated, puts the carrier at a much higher risk for developing breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer than the general population. In a woman with a BRCA2 mutation, the estimated lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is 50% - 60%. BRCA2 and BRCA1 together account for about 80% of the breast cancer that occurs in women with strong family histories of the disease. BRCA2 is also thought to raise the risk for breast cancer in men. A genetic test for BRCA2 is available but is only recommended for those with strong family histories of breast or ovarian cancer.
	Brachyatherapy	A type of radiotherapy where radioactive pellets, wires or fine needles are temporarily implanted within or close to a tumour. This is done to deliver the radiation directly to the tumour while minimising the damage to surrounding tissue.
	Bracken	Bracken, or the common fern (Pteridium Spp.) is one of the most common woodland plants in the world. It produces a range of toxic compounds, some of which have been proven to be carcinogenic if ingested. See ptaquiloside.
	Breast form	This is a term used to describe a breast prosthesis that may be worn inside ones bra following breast surgery.
	Broviac	A Broviac catheter is a long thin tube which is inserted into a large vein and secured there for up to a few months. Blood samples may be taken and transfusions or medicines given through this tube, thus avoiding needles.
	Boron Neutron Capture Therapy	Boron Neutron Capture Therapy or BNCT, is an experimental type of radiotherapy under investigation in clinical trials. Briefly, the principle is to localise an element called boron into a tumour (by means of an antibody or other targeting molecule). If a stream of subatomic particles called neutrons is then directed into this area, the boron captures the neutrons and produces a certain type of radiation known as alpha-radiation. Alpha-radiation can only penetrate a very short distance (one thousandth of a centimetre), so it is very specific and therefore will only produce minor damage to surrounding healthy tissue. This alpha-radiation damages the cancer cell"s DNA so that it can no longer multiply. Currently clinical trials are ongoing using BNCT to treat glioblastoma multiforme (a form of brain cancer) at Studsvik in Sweden, Petten in the Neatherlands, and at the Massachusetts institute of technology in the US. Neutrons are only produced by nuclear reactors, so the clinical trial centre must be attached to a nuclear power station. There are only a few such centres worldwide.

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C	Cachexia	A profound state general of ill health characterised by malnutrition and loss of weight.
	Carcinogenic	Cancer causing
	Carcinogens	A range of substances that are known to cause cancer including, asbestos, ionising and UV radiation, tobacco, glasswool, radon gas, certain food moulds (aflatoxin), wood dust and diesel exhaust fumes.
	Carcinoid	Intestinal tumour arising from cells that release messengers that control other cells. E.g. serotonin.
	Catheter	A tubular, flexible, surgical instrument for withdrawing fluids from (or introducing fluids into) a cavity of the body.
	Cellulitis	Inflammation of the skin, most usually based in the extracellular fluid known as lymph.
	Chemo	The word "chemo" is a sometimes used by patients rather than saying chemotherapy.
	Chemotherapy	Term used to describe giving medicine or drugs to treat an illness. Chemotherapy most often refers to anticancer drugs.
	CHOP	Abbreviation for a chemotherapy regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin (doxorubicin), Oncovin (vincristine) and prednisolone.
	CIN	Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia: This is the name given to abnormal cells occurring in the uterine cervix which are not cancerous but may lead to cancer.
	Clinical trial	A clinical trial is a scientific study involving patient care designed to assess the value of a new treatment or therapy compared to current practice.
	CML	Chronic mylogenous leukaemia. A form of leukaemia.
	Colonoscopy	Examination of the colon most often using a device called an endoscope.
	Colostomy	A colostomy is the term used to describe the opening formed by an operation where the open end of a part of the large bowel is diverted to the surface of the abdomen and secured there to form a new exit for waste matter.
	Complementary therapies	These are therapies that compliment current medical therapies but do not replace them.
	Control group	This term is used to describe the group of patients in a clinical study that do not receive the new treatment. This group is important as only by comparing their progress with those receiving the treatment, can any real benefit be proven.
	CT Scan (CAT scan)	Computed tomography scan. A computerized x-ray procedure that produces cross-sectional (layer by layer) images of the body. These images are far more detailed than regular x-ray films, and can reveal disease or abnormalities in tissue and bone.
	Cytological investigations	This test may be performed to collect cells from an abnormality within the body. A needle and syringe is used to take cells from a lump, a lymph node, thyroid gland or bone marrow. Cells from the cervix may be collected using a swab (a smear test). Taking these cells can be quite uncomfortable but is important in getting the right diagnosis. (See also Fine Needle Aspiration)
	CT Scan (CAT scan)	Computed tomography scan. A computerized x-ray procedure that produces cross-sectional (layer by layer) images of the body. These images are far more detailed than regular x-ray films, and can reveal disease or abnormalities in tissue and bone.

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D	DCIS	Ductal Carcinoma in Situ. DSIC is a cancer inside the ducts of breast that has not grown through the wall of the duct into the surrounding tissues. It accounts for approximately 30% if breast cancer in Ireland. Good prognosis is involved with in situ cancers. It is sometimes known as intraductal carcinoma. Treatment is by surgery or a combination of surgery and radiotherapy. Most cases of DCIS are detectable only by mammography.
	Deltacotril™	A formulation of the drug prednisolone which is coated to provide less stomach irritation.
	Diagnosis	Medical diagnosis refers both to the process of attempting to determine the identity of a possible disease or disorder and to the opinion reached by this process.
	Digital Rectal Examination	An examination of the prostate gland made possible by putting a gloved, lubricated finger a few inches into the rectum to manually feel your prostate gland.
	Dioxin	Dioxins are a family of highly toxic compounds produced by the breakdown of plastics, polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and by incineration. The are highly carcinogenic and accumulate in the body fat of living organisms. This is one of the reasons that it is unhealthy to consume large amounts of animal fat.
	Diplopia	Double vision.
	Diuretic	A drug or medicine that causes the body to produce more urine, thus excreting waste products and reducing swelling or blood pressure.
	Double blind	This is a term used to describe the operation of a clinical trial, where neither investigator nor participant knows which patient is receiving the new treatment or the regular treatment. This is done to eliminate any bias in the outcome of the trial.
	Doxorubicin	An anticancer drug of the anthracycline series, originally derived from Daunorubicin which is naturally produced by a soil dwelling bacterium. Also known as adriamycin.
	DRE	Digital Rectal Examination. This term describes the physical examination of the rectum, or back passage to check for any abnormalities, such as an enlarged prostate or cancer.
	Durogesic™	A strong pain relieving medicine (Fentanyl). It may be administered by a transdermal (across the skin) patch.

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E	Endocrine	Relating to hormones.
	Endoscope	A diagnostic device consisting of a tube containing flexible optic fibres that may be passed into the body, allowing one to see inside. The result may be viewed on a video screen.
	Endoscopy	The procedure of placing a tube with a tiny camera and light into parts of the body, including the gullet, lungs, stomach and bowel.
	Epistaxis	Nosebleed.

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F	FBC	Full blood count: counting the number of red and white blood cells.
	Fibroma	A benign (non-cancerous) tumour which consists of fibrous tissues or connective tissue.
	Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)	Fine needle aspirations cytology (FNA), are a diagnostic procedure sometimes used to investigate superficial (just under the skin) lumps or masses. A thin, hollow needle is inserted into the mass to extract cells that, after being stained, will be examined under a microscope. Fine needle aspiration biopsies are very safe, minor surgical procedures. [more info]
	Flagyl ™	Flagyl is an antibacterial drug which is used to kill anaerobic bacteria. Its non-brand name is metronidazole. It is used for a wide variety of infections including those that occur in the bones, nervous system, respiratory tract, skin, as well as vaginal and intestinal infections.
	Fractionation	This is the term used to describe giving radiation over a number of sessions, rather than one large dose during a single session. This works well for treating cancer, as cancer cells are less well able to repair any damage inflicted by radiation, while normal cells repair themselves.

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G		Gleevec™ or Glivec™	This is the trade name for a drug called "imatinib mesylate", which is produced by the Notavaris corporation and used to treat leukaemia (specifically CML). Its mode of action is by inhibiting the function of an mutant enzyme (a tyrosine kinase) produced cells that posess a particular chromosomal mutation (Bcr-Abl gene).
G		Goserelin	A drug (brand name Zoladex) which is administered by injection and used to treat breast or ovarian cancer.

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H	Haemangiolblastoma	A rare type of tumour that develops from blood vessel cells.
	Haematologist	A doctor specailsing in disorders of the blood including cancer.
	Haematoma	This term is used to describe the swelling and hardness that sometimes accompanies the collection of blood at the site of a bruise. Haematomas usually disappear within a few weeks but may be drained if causing discomfort.
	HER2	Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor type 2: A cell surface receptor found to be over expressed in certain forms of aggressive breast cancer.
	Herceptin™	Herceptin is the drug name for a monoclonal antibody raised against a cell surface receptor (HER2) found on certain breast cancer cells. This drug has been used in phase III clinical trials and has provided substantial clinical benefit to HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer patients.
	Hickman line	This is the name given to a special type of intravenous line that is inserted into a large vein in the neck. A Hickman line or catheter may stay in place for several months allowing drugs to be given or samples of blood to be drawn off.
	Hormone Therapy	Hormone treatments use the sex hormones produced by our bodies, or drugs that block them, to treat cancer. Not all cancers respond to hormone therapy. Doctors might use hormone therapy for people with cancers that are ‘hormone sensitive’ or ‘hormone dependent’. This means that the cancer needs the hormone to grow. Cancers that can be hormone sensitive are breast cancer, prostate cancer, and uterine and endometrial cancer.
	Hodgkins Disease	A malignant disorder that appears to originate in the lymph nodes and later spreads to the spleen, liver and bone marrow. It occurs mostly in individuals between the ages of 15 and 35 and is characterised by progressive, painless enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen and general lymph tissue. Diagnosis is confirmed by the identification of giant cells, known as Reed Sternberg cells.
	HPV	Human Papiloma Virus. A virus responsible for the growth of soft wart-like growths on the genitalia. Certain types of HPV are linked with the development of cervical cancer. HPV is most commonly transmitted via sexual intercourse. Transmission can be prevented by the use of condoms.
	Hyperfractionated	Radiotherapy given a number of times in smaller doses, rather than one large dose.
	Hyperplasia	Over growth of the cells of any tissue.
	Hyperthyroidism	Overactive thyroid gland. This condtion is usually treated with drugs but in other cases it is treated using radioiodine ablation.
	Hypertrophy	An enlagement of the cells of any tissue.
	Histopathology	Histopathology is the science concerned with the study of microscopic changes in diseased tissues. A scientist called a Histopathologist is specially trained to observe subtle differences in the microscopic structure of cells to determine if disease is present, and how aggressive the disease may be.

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I	Ileostomy	An operation where the open end of a part of the small intestine (ileum) is diverted to the surface of the abdomen and secured there to form a new exit for waste matter.
	Incidence	This refers to the frequency, or how often a cancer is diagnosed. Incidence is not the same as mortality.
	Inguinal	Refers to the groin region.
	Interferon	Interferon (brand name Intron A) is a substance normally produced by the body to help fight viral infections. It may be artificially produced in the laboratory and is used as a drug to help stimulate the body"s own immune system to attack cancer cells.
	Intravenous	Refers to the administration of medicine directly into a vein.
	Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)	Intravenous pyelogram, a special kind of x-ray procedure where a dye injected into the bloodstream and travels to the kidneys, ureters and ultimately ends up in the bladder. This procedure helps to clearly outline these organs on an x-ray film, but must be used with caution where kidney damage is suspected or in patients suffering from multiple myeloma, where it may cause kidney failure.
	Iscador	Is an extract of mistletoe and is thought to boost the body"s immune system. Studies have shown a rise in the number of white blood cells (T-lymphocytes) following injections of Iscador. However, Iscador is toxic and even though it affects the growth of cancer cells in the laboratory, no studies have shown that it has a clear cut effect on the progress of cancer in humans.
	Isotope bone scan	In this test a small amount of a mildly radioactive substance is injected into a vein. Abnormal bone absorbs more of the radioactive substance that normal bone. This then shows up on a special type of X-ray film.
	IVU (Intravenous urogram)	See Intravenous pyelogram

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JVP

Jugular venous pressure.

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Killer cells

Cells in our immune system which fight foreign attack.

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L	Lactulose	A medicine used to ease constipation (laxative), common brand name Duphalac.
	Laparoscopic Cryoablation	A new technique which may be used to treat localised tumours by freezing them and causing cell destruction. It has been used to treat localised renal tumours using a freezing probe guided by laporoscopy.
	Laparoscopy	A minimally invasive surgical technique, where a small incision is made and an optic system is used to direct surgery inside the body.
	Laryngectomy	The surgical removal of the larynx (voice-box). Most often performed in cases of cancer of the larynx.
	Latissimus dorsi flap procedure	A method of breast reconstruction that uses the long flat muscle of the back by rotating it to the chest area.
	LCIS	Lobular Carcinoma in Situ. LCIS is not a cancer in itself, and the majority of women that develop LCIS will not need any treatment. However, a diagnosis of LCIS does mean that there is a increased risk of developing breast cancer later in life. It is therefore recommended that women with LCIS undergo 6-12 monthly breast examinations, and yearly mammograms.
	Lesion	Any pathological change in a tissue, sometimes cancerous.
	LHermittes sign	A neurological sign, typified by sharp ‘electric’–type shocks in peripheral nerves. L’Hermitte sign may be produced by bending the clients head forward, resulting in the perception of these shocks. It is associated with a pathological change in the membranous coating of the nerves fibres in the spinal cord. The pathological change to this membranous nerve fibre coating can be caused by trauma (e.g. radiation, chemotherapy, viral infection) or degenerative disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis). It varies in severity from mild to debilitating. Palliation is achieved with medicines like Neurontin, Tegretol etc. The course of the condition is variable, depending in part on the suspected cause or trauma.
	Li-Fraumeni syndrome	The Li-Fraumeni syndrome is caused by inherited mutations that inactivate the p53 tumor suppressor gene. This results in a very high risk of developing one or more types of cancer that include breast cancer, brain cancer, osteosarcoma, and other sarcomas.
	LinAC	Linear Accelerator. A sophisticated external beam radiotherapy machine which has the capabilities of focusing high energy radiation on a particular area of tissue.
	LP	Lumbar puncture.
	Lumbar puncture	This is a diagnostic procedure to obtain a specimen of spinal fluid for examination.
	Lumpectomy	This is a term used to describe the surgical removal of part of the breast.
	Lymphoedema	This is the term used to describe a side effect sometimes produced by the surgical removal of lymph nodes or damage to lymph channels caused by radiotherapy or surgery. With lymphoedema, fluid cannot drain effectively from the surrounding tissue, and this can cause swelling and discomfort. Treatment for lymphoedema involves compression bandages, elastic garments, limb positioning, massage and movement.
	Lymphoma	Malignant tumour of white blood cells derived from B lymphocytes.

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M	Malignant	This term is used to describe cancer cells that are capable of invading surrounding tissues and travelling to distant parts of the body.
	Mammogram	An examination of the breast using X-rays. The purpose of this test is to detect breast cancer early. This is because most lumps are not felt by the hand until they are greater that 1cm in diameter.
	Marker	A term used to describe an physical indicator that may be quantified. It may be a blood component or a cell surface molecule or even a region of DNA along a chromosome. Markers are used to identify blood groups, organ transplant compatibility and even cancer type. Certain markers are identified by microscopy using specialised staining procedures. Alternatively markers may be identified by fluorescent antibodies combined with a technique called flow cytometry.
	Massage	A form of complimentary therapy, where structured touch can be used to relax, relieve muscle tension and bring about a sense of well-being in the patient. Massage is a very useful form of therapy but must be avoided in certain illnesses and cancers, as it affects the flow of lymph. As with any complimentary therapy you should inform your health care professional before starting any complimentary treatment.
	Mastectomy	Surgical removal of the breast.
	MDT	Abbreviation for Multi Disciplinary Team (MDT) Your MDT are based at your local treatment centre and will usually meet every week to discuss your diagnosis, treatment and care, and will: • Talk about your planned treatment • Decide if you need any more tests • Make referrals to other services if needed The MDT usually involves staff from different hospitals and has a number of members, but other specialists may join the team if they‘re needed. A typical MDT may include: • Lead Clinician (usually a medical doctor or surgeon) - this person will take responsibility for the service. • Surgeon - an expert in the type of operations that may be needed to treat your cancer. • Oncologist - an expert in the treatment of your type of cancer with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. • Radiologist - this person will be responsible for undertaking and reporting on your tests in the x-ray department. • Pathologist - they will look at tissue and cell samples through a microscope. • Clinical nurse specialist - this person has expert knowledge and skills caring for patients with your type of cancer. • Radiographer - the person responsible for planning, delivering and monitoring radiotherapy treatment if needed. • Nurses who are specially trained. • Support staff including social workers, welfare benefits advisors, hospital chaplaincy. • Other staff known as allied healthcare professionals, including dietitians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists Your clinical nurse specialist is your link with the MDT. If something is bothering you, then ask, and if they’re unable to answer any concerns you may have, they will find out for you. Your GP will also be kept up to date with what is happening to you by letter from your consultant. Staff are there to make sure that each patient gets the same, high standard of care and has the most appropriate tests and treatment for their type of cancer. The team will keep up to date with changes and improvements in their area of expertise, this means all patients should get the best possible care, regardless of their GP or hospital they attend.
	Melanoma	A tumour arising from the malanocyte cells of the skin and other organs. See section on skin cancer.
	Mephalan™	An anticancer drug belonging to alkylating class of agents.
	Mesothelioma	This is a cancer of cells that line the lung, known as the plura, and is often linked to exposure to a certain types of naturally occurring asbestos fibres.
	Metastases	Also known as secondary tumours, metastases are cancerous growths at sites distant from the main tumour, that have resulted due to cancer cells migrating.
	Micrometastases	Metastais that may only be identified by using microscopy and / or pathological staining techniques.
	Migration Stimulating Factor (MSF)	A type of cytokine released by cells, which promotes cell migration. MSF is believed to play a role in invasion and metastasis of cancer cells.
	Mortality	This refers to the number of deaths occurring in a particular time period.
	MRI	Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A special imaging technique used to image internal structures of the body, particularly the soft tissues. The MRI machine uses magnetic fields to build up a series of cross sections of the body. While scanning usually takes an hour and is painless, the machine is very noisy. These images are very clear and are particularly good for soft tissue, brain and spinal cord, joints and abdomen. These scans may be used for detecting some cancers or for following their progress.
	MST™	A strong pain receiving medicine (Morphine). It is used for the continuous relief of severe pain as this preparation releases the drug slowly.
	Multiple myeloma	Multiple myeloma is an overgrowth of plasma cells in the bone marrow, resulting in anemia and destruction of bone mass. Ionising radiation can cause multiple myeloma. A relatively uncommon malignancy, the highest rates occur in the Nordic countries, the UK and Switzerland. Treatment is usually by chemotherapy (Mephalan and Prednisolone ) and palliative radiotherapy.
	Mycosis fungoides	A rare form of lymphoma, which mainly affect the skin.
	Mycostatin™	A medicine (Nystatin) in liquid form usually used to prevent fungal infections in the mouth.

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N	Nausea	Feeling sick in ones stomach.
	Neoadjuvant chemotherapy	This is chemotherapy given before surgery to reduce a large tumour so that it is more surgically manageable.
	Neoplasm	Term for a tumour which may be benign or cancerous.
	Neutropenia	A term used to describe a lack of white blood cells known as nuetrophils. Neutrophils are the white blood cells responsible for fighting off bacterial infections.
	Nuclear medicine	These scans can be used to look at bones, kidneys, lungs and the thyroid gland. This usually involves an injection of a small amount of radiation and you’re provided with a list of do’s and don’ts for 12 hours after the scan.

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O	Oedema	Swelling caused by fluid.
	Oncologist	A doctor specailsing in treating cancer.
	Oncology	The study of tumours or cancer.
	opd	Medical notation for once per day
	Oramorph™	A strong pain relieving medicine (Morphine). It is used for the short term relief of severe pain.
	Orichidectomy	The surgical removal of a testicle. The removal of one testicle does not make a man sterile, nor affect his ability to get an erection.
	Orphan Drug	There are many diseases and conditions, which affect such small numbers of individuals that the diseases and conditions are considered rare. Because these conditions are rare, adequate drugs for treatment have not yet been developed. Drugs for these conditions are commonly referred to as ‘orphan drugs’. A drug is classified as ‘orphan’ if it is given to less than a total of 200,000 people annually or that the prevalence of the condition being treated, is less than 5 in 10,000.

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P	Pagets disease	This is a disease of bone that initially results in the excessive resorption of bone (by osteoclasts) followed by the replacement of normal bone marrow with vascular and fibrous tissue. Paget's disease sometimes occurs in the breast.
	Palliative care	Treatment aimed at relieving symptoms and pain rather than effecting a cure. Palliative Care is the continuing active total care of patients and their families by a multi-professional team at a time when the patients disease is no longer responding to curative treatment. The goal of Palliative Care is to provide the highest possible quality of life for both patient and family. Palliative Care responds to physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs. If necessary, it extends to support in bereavement.
	Paris system	A system devised to calculate the correct placement of radioactive implants within a tumour so that maximal dose is given to the tumour, while surrounding tissues are spared.
	PBSCT	Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transport: Blood is drawn from a patient and passed through a cell separator. This collects stem cells, and returns the rest of the blood back to the patient. See also Stem cell transplant
	Petechiae	Tiny hemorrhages from small blood vessels just beneath the skin surface. The appear when the blood count (platelet) is low. Patechiae can also be caused by an adverse reaction to a drug or by septicemia. Petechiae look like tiny red spots on the skin, which do not blanch when a glass tumbler is applied to the skin.
	Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)	The concept behind PDT is that the patient is first intravenously given a photosensitive drug (temoporfin). Then, high-energy light in the form of a Laser is used to illuminate the area of the tumour, and this action converts the drug into a cell toxic compound. The illuminated cell subsequently dies. The patient must then avoid bright light for up to three weeks following treatment due to photosensitivity. Photodynamic therapy is increasingly being used for head and neck cancer, where the outcomes in terms of function and appearance is thought to be improved
	Placebo	A tablet or capsule that looks like the medicine used in a clinical trial, but does not contain any active ingredient.
	Platelet	Tiny fragments of blood cells that help form clots and prevent bleeding.
	po	Per Oral: Medical abbreviation to indicate that a medicine is to be administered by mouth.
	Prednisolone	A corticosteroid used to treat a variety of conditions. Specially coated versions of the tablet (enteric) are available which are less irritating on the stomach.
	Prophylactic Mastectomy	Prophylactic mastectomy is a surgical procedure which removes glandular tissue from the breast leaving the skin and areola intact. This procedure is performed for women who are at high risk of developing breast cancer.
	Prostate	A small conical gland at the base of the male bladder and surrounding the first part of the urethra. The prostate secretes fluid that combines with sperm to produce semen.
	Prosthesis	An artificial replacement.
	Protocol	A treatment plan for how, when and what dose of treatment to give.
	PSA	Prostate Specific Antigen: PSA is an substance produced by the prostate. Men with prostate cancer tend to have higher levels of this protein in their blood.
	Ptaquiloside	An alkaloid glucoside toxin produced by the bracken fern (Pteridium Spp.) which is known to produce bladder and intestinal cancer in animals following consumption.
	Pulmonary	To do with the lungs.

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Q	qd	Medical notation for once per day.
	qid	Medical notation for four times daily.
	QUART	Quadrantectomy, Axillary Clearance and Radiotherapy. This treatment for breast cancer involves surgical removal of one quarter of the affected breast, together with the axillary lymph glands and radiotherapy to the breast.

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R	Rhabdomyosarcoma	Malignant tumour derived from striated muscle (sarcoma).
	Radioiodine ablation	A treatment for hyperthyroidism (over active thyroid). In hyperthyroidism, too much thyroid hormone is produced leading to ill health. Iodine is naturally taken up by the thyroid to produce these thyroid hormones. By giving a carefully calculated dose of radioactive iodine, thyroid function can be reduced.
	Radiotherapy	The use of high energy beams of radiation to treat cancer, as cancer cells are more susceptible to damage by radiation than ordinary cells. See section on radiotherapy A naturally occurring radioactive element, no longer used in radiotherapy, as safer and more intense sources have been discovered.
	Radium	A radioactive gas released from granite deposits in certain geographical locations.
	Radon	Exposure to Radon is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Radon can leak into buildings through the floor and may accumulate inside. Domestic Radon emissions can be measured by contacting the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland.
	Raloxifene	A drug used to treat breast cancer (brand name Evista-R). It has the same mechanism of action as tamoxifen, but is primarily used to treat osterporosis.
	RBCs	Red blood cells: These blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen around the body via a network of veins and arteries. Also known as erythrocytes, their characteristic red colour is due to a high content of a iron containing protein called heamoglobin, which tightly binds oxygen.
	Reconstructive Surgery	Reconstructive surgery is all about repairing and restoring function. It is performed to repair and reshape bodily structures affected by birth defects, developmental abnormalities, trauma/injuries, infections, tumours and disease.
	Reed Sternberg Cell	Giant cells with mirror image nuclei which are are found in patients suffering from a form of lymphoma known as Hodgkin"s lymphoma.
	Remission	A period of good health where there is no detectable evidence of cancer.
	Retinoblastoma	Malignant tumour of the retina, usually arising in the inner nuclear layer of the neural retina.
	Rigor	Stiffening of muscle as a result of either very high temperature. Rigor can be caused biochemically by high calcium levels and adenosine triphosphate depletion (ATP), where actin and myosin links are made in the muscle fibres, but not broken.

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S	SCC	Squamous cell carcinoma: Refers to cancer that arises from cells close to the surface of the epithelium (layer of cells lining the exterior of an organ, eg skin).
	Seminoma	A type of testicular cancer that arises from the germ cells at a very early stage of their development.
	Sezary syndrome	A rare form of lymphoma, which mainly affects the skin.
	SLND	Sentinel lymph node dissection: An experimental surgical technique used to identify the presence of micrometastases in lymph nodes that drain near a given tumour.
	Somnolence	An unnatural sleepiness and irritability.
	Staging	The process of assessing the extent of progress of cancer in a patient so that appropriate treatment may be prescribed given the location, spread and aggressiveness of a cancer.
	Stem cell	A specific type of cell responsible for the production of platelets, red and white blood cells.
	Stem cell transplant	Stem cell transplant is a way of giving very high doses of chemotherapy, sometimes with radiotherapy. High doses of chemotherapy drugs and radiotherapy kill off your bone marrow. This means you cannot make any blood cells. So doctors take some stem cells from your blood before you have your chemotherapy and freeze them. After you have had the chemotherapy, you have your stored stem cells back through a drip. Then you can make the blood cells you need again. This is called an autologous stem cell transplant.
	Stoma	The Greek word for an opening. (Also see Colonoscopy & Ileostomy)
	Stomatitis	Inflammation of the oral mucosa.

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T	T.P.N.	Total parentaral nutrition. This is where nutrients are given via the blood stream (intravenously), rather than by mouth.
	Tamoxifen	An antioestrogen drug (brand name Nolvadex) that may be given to women with estrogen receptive positive tumours to block oestrogen from entering the breast tissues. Currently being used with high risk women in clinical trials to prevent breast cancer and women who have had breast cancer to prevent recurrence.
	Topical	Refers to the surface of the body. Topical preparations or medicines usually come in ointment or cream form.
	TRAM flap	Transverse Rectus Abdominus Muscle flap, a method of breast reconstruction where tissue from the lower abdominal wall, is moved into the chest to create a breast mound. This procedure usually means that an breast implant does not have to be used.
	Transdermal	Literally meaning "across the skin", this refers to medicines that may be administered through the skin, as an ointment or patch form.
	Tumour marker	A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA, CA 19.9 (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarkers.
	Tumour	An excessive growth of cells resulting in an abnormal mass. A tumour may be either benign or cancerous.

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U		Ultrasound imaging	An ultrasound (or ultrasound scan) is a non-invasive investigation which uses sound waves to build up a picture of the inside of the body. A gel is put on the skin and a microphone passed back and forth over the area to be scanned. A computer converts the reflected sound waves into a picture on a screen.
U		Urostomy	This is the term used to describe the opening created by an operation, where the waste matter from the kidneys is diverted to the surface of the abdomen and secured there to form a new exit for waste matter (urine).

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V	VAD	Chemotherapy regimen of Vincristine, Adriamycin (dodorubicin) and Dexamethasone.
	VEGF	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, or VEGF is a protein produced in increased amounts by cancer cells to promote the growth of vascular tissue. Drugs that block the action of VEGF are the source of much research. One such drug in Phase I clinical trials is SU5416 being used to treat Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome. It can be found in the urine of people with bladder cancer.
	Vincristine	An anticancer drug with cytostatic properties (stops cells growing). It works by preventing the correct formation of the cell spindle during cell division.
	Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome	VHL is a rare herdidatary disease in which affected individuals are genetically disposed to develop certain types of tumours and cysts in multiple organs, most of which are nonmalignant but may undergo transformation.

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W	Warfrin	A drug used to prevent blood clotting (thin the blood).
	Water Tablets	See diuretics. Examples include frusamide, lasix.
	WBCs	White blood cells: Usually referred to as lymphocytes, they are responsible for fighting infection.

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X	Xeloda	Trade name for capectabine.
	Xeroderma Pigmentosum	Individuals with XP are less able to repair damage caused to their skin by the suns UV rays, and so have a high risk of developing skin cancers including melanoma. Individuals must avoid sunlight, and have constant monitoring of their skin for tumours. XP is a rare condition, but by studying it, scientists have been able to better understand which genes protect us from certain forms of cancer
	X-ray	A simple x-ray can show the lungs, heart outline, collar bones and ribs, and may help diagnose lung and bronchial cancers.
	X-ray (contrast)	These use barium, either as a drink or as an enema, to highlight any abnormalities in an x-ray. Contrast x-rays are used to diagnose cancer of the gullet (oesophagus), stomach, colon or rectum.

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No reference

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Z		Zoladex	A drug (Goserelin), which is administered by injection and used to treat breast or ovarian cancer. This drug functions by inhibiting the production of a hormone called lutanising hormone.
Z		Zofran™	A medicine (Ondansetron) used to control nausea and emesis (vomiting)

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